The sequence of rice chromosomes 11 and 12, rich in disease resistance genes and recent gene duplications

Nathalie Choisne; Nadia Demange; Gisela Orjeda; Sylvie Samain; Angélique D'Hont; Laurence Cattolico; Eric Pelletier; Arnaud Couloux; Béatrice Segurens; Patrick Wincker; Claude Scarpelli; Jean Weissenbach; Marcel Salanoubat; Nagendra K. Singh; Trilochan Mohapatra; Tilak R. Sharma; Kishor Gaikwad; Archana Singh; Vivek Dalal; Subodh K. Srivastava; Anupam Dixit; Ajit K. Pal; Irfan A. Ghazi; Mahavir Yadav; Awadhesh Pandit; Ashutosh Bhargava; K. Sureshbabu; Rekha Dixit; Harvinder Singh; Suresh C. Swain; Sumita Pal; M. Ragiba; Pradeep K. Singh; Vibha Singhal; Sangeeta D. Mendiratta; Kamlesh Batra; Saurabh Raghuvanshi; Amitabh Mohanty; Arvind K. Bharti; Anupama Gaur; Vikrant Gupta; Dibyendu Kumar; Ravi Vydianathan; Shuba Vij; Anita Kapur; Parul Khurana; Sulabha Sharma; Paramjit Khurana; Jitendra P. Khurana; Akhilesh K. Tyagi; Qiaoping Yuan; Shu Ouyang; Jia Liu; Wei Zhu; Aihui Wang; Haining Lin; John Hamilton; Brian Haas; Jennifer Wortman; Kristine M. Jones; Mary Kim; Larry Overton; Tamara Tsitrin; Douglas Fadrosh; Jayati Bera; Bruce Weaver; Shaohua Jin; Shivani Johri; Matt Reardon; Hue Vuong; Luke Tallon; Susan Van Aken; Matthew Lewis; Teresa Utterback; Tamara Feldblyum; Victoria Zismann; Stacey Iobst; Joseph Hsiao; Aymeric R. de Vazeille; Steven L. Salzberg; Owen White; Claire Fraser; C. Robin Buell; Yeisoo Yu; Teri Rambo; Jennifer Currie; Kristi Collura; Hye Ran Kim; Diana Stum; Wenming Wang; Dave Kudrna; Christopher Mueller; Rod A. Wing; Melissa Kramer; Lori Spiegel; Lidia Nascimento; Raymond Preston; Theresa Zutavern; Joachim Messing

doi:10.1186/1741-7007-3-20

The sequence of rice chromosomes 11 and 12, rich in disease resistance genes and recent gene duplications

Nathalie Choisne, Nadia Demange, Gisela Orjeda, Sylvie Samain, Angélique D'Hont, Laurence Cattolico, Eric Pelletier, Arnaud Couloux, Béatrice Segurens, Patrick Wincker, Claude Scarpelli, Jean Weissenbach, Marcel Salanoubat, Nagendra K. Singh, Trilochan Mohapatra, Tilak R. Sharma, Kishor Gaikwad, Archana Singh, Vivek Dalal, Subodh K. SrivastavaAnupam Dixit, Ajit K. Pal, Irfan A. Ghazi, Mahavir Yadav, Awadhesh Pandit, Ashutosh Bhargava, K. Sureshbabu, Rekha Dixit, Harvinder Singh, Suresh C. Swain, Sumita Pal, M. Ragiba, Pradeep K. Singh, Vibha Singhal, Sangeeta D. Mendiratta, Kamlesh Batra, Saurabh Raghuvanshi, Amitabh Mohanty, Arvind K. Bharti, Anupama Gaur, Vikrant Gupta, Dibyendu Kumar, Ravi Vydianathan, Shuba Vij, Anita Kapur, Parul Khurana, Sulabha Sharma, Paramjit Khurana, Jitendra P. Khurana, Akhilesh K. Tyagi, Qiaoping Yuan, Shu Ouyang, Jia Liu, Wei Zhu, Aihui Wang, Haining Lin, John Hamilton, Brian Haas, Jennifer Wortman, Kristine M. Jones, Mary Kim, Larry Overton, Tamara Tsitrin, Douglas Fadrosh, Jayati Bera, Bruce Weaver, Shaohua Jin, Shivani Johri, Matt Reardon, Hue Vuong, Luke Tallon, Susan Van Aken, Matthew Lewis, Teresa Utterback, Tamara Feldblyum, Victoria Zismann, Stacey Iobst, Joseph Hsiao, Aymeric R. de Vazeille, Steven L. Salzberg, Owen White, Claire Fraser, C. Robin Buell, Yeisoo Yu, Teri Rambo, Jennifer Currie, Kristi Collura, Hye Ran Kim, Diana Stum, Wenming Wang, Dave Kudrna, Christopher Mueller, Rod A. Wing, Melissa Kramer, Lori Spiegel, Lidia Nascimento, Raymond Preston, Theresa Zutavern, Joachim Messing

Plant Sciences, School of

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

124 Scopus citations

Abstract

Background: Rice is an important staple food and, with the smallest cereal genome, serves as a reference species for studies on the evolution of cereals and other grasses. Therefore, decoding its entire genome will be a prerequisite for applied and basic research on this species and all other cereals. Results: We have determined and analyzed the complete sequences of two of its chromosomes, 11 and 12, which total 55.9 Mb (14.3% of the entire genome length), based on a set of overlapping clones. A total of 5,993 non-transposable element related genes are present on these chromosomes. Among them are 289 disease resistance-like and 28 defense-response genes, a higher proportion of these categories than on any other rice chromosome. A three-Mb segment on both chromosomes resulted from a duplication 7.7 million years ago (mya), the most recent large-scale duplication in the rice genome. Paralogous gene copies within this segmental duplication can be aligned with genomic assemblies from sorghum and maize. Although these gene copies are preserved on both chromosomes, their expression patterns have diverged. When the gene order of rice chromosomes 11 and 12 was compared to wheat gene loci, significant synteny between these orthologous regions was detected, illustrating the presence of conserved genes alternating with recently evolved genes. Conclusion: Because the resistance and defense response genes, enriched on these chromosomes relative to the whole genome, also occur in clusters, they provide a preferred target for breeding durable disease resistance in rice and the isolation of their allelic variants. The recent duplication of a large chromosomal segment coupled with the high density of disease resistance gene clusters makes this the most recently envolved part of the rice genome. Based on syntenic alignments of these chromosomes, rice chromosome 11 and 12 do not appear to have resulted from a single whole-genome duplication event as peviously suggested.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	20
Journal	BMC biology
Volume	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-3-20
State	Published - Sep 27 2005

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Biotechnology
Structural Biology
Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Physiology
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all)
Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all)
Plant Science
Developmental Biology
Cell Biology

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Choisne, N., Demange, N., Orjeda, G., Samain, S., D'Hont, A., Cattolico, L., Pelletier, E., Couloux, A., Segurens, B., Wincker, P., Scarpelli, C., Weissenbach, J., Salanoubat, M., Singh, N. K., Mohapatra, T., Sharma, T. R., Gaikwad, K., Singh, A., Dalal, V., ... Messing, J. (2005). The sequence of rice chromosomes 11 and 12, rich in disease resistance genes and recent gene duplications. BMC biology, 3, [20]. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-3-20

The sequence of rice chromosomes 11 and 12, rich in disease resistance genes and recent gene duplications. / Choisne, Nathalie; Demange, Nadia; Orjeda, Gisela; Samain, Sylvie; D'Hont, Angélique; Cattolico, Laurence; Pelletier, Eric; Couloux, Arnaud; Segurens, Béatrice; Wincker, Patrick; Scarpelli, Claude; Weissenbach, Jean; Salanoubat, Marcel; Singh, Nagendra K.; Mohapatra, Trilochan; Sharma, Tilak R.; Gaikwad, Kishor; Singh, Archana; Dalal, Vivek; Srivastava, Subodh K.; Dixit, Anupam; Pal, Ajit K.; Ghazi, Irfan A.; Yadav, Mahavir; Pandit, Awadhesh; Bhargava, Ashutosh; Sureshbabu, K.; Dixit, Rekha; Singh, Harvinder; Swain, Suresh C.; Pal, Sumita; Ragiba, M.; Singh, Pradeep K.; Singhal, Vibha; Mendiratta, Sangeeta D.; Batra, Kamlesh; Raghuvanshi, Saurabh; Mohanty, Amitabh; Bharti, Arvind K.; Gaur, Anupama; Gupta, Vikrant; Kumar, Dibyendu; Vydianathan, Ravi; Vij, Shuba; Kapur, Anita; Khurana, Parul; Sharma, Sulabha; Khurana, Paramjit; Khurana, Jitendra P.; Tyagi, Akhilesh K.; Yuan, Qiaoping; Ouyang, Shu; Liu, Jia; Zhu, Wei; Wang, Aihui; Lin, Haining; Hamilton, John; Haas, Brian; Wortman, Jennifer; Jones, Kristine M.; Kim, Mary; Overton, Larry; Tsitrin, Tamara; Fadrosh, Douglas; Bera, Jayati; Weaver, Bruce; Jin, Shaohua; Johri, Shivani; Reardon, Matt; Vuong, Hue; Tallon, Luke; Van Aken, Susan; Lewis, Matthew; Utterback, Teresa; Feldblyum, Tamara; Zismann, Victoria; Iobst, Stacey; Hsiao, Joseph; de Vazeille, Aymeric R.; Salzberg, Steven L.; White, Owen; Fraser, Claire; Buell, C. Robin; Yu, Yeisoo; Rambo, Teri; Currie, Jennifer; Collura, Kristi; Kim, Hye Ran; Stum, Diana; Wang, Wenming; Kudrna, Dave; Mueller, Christopher; Wing, Rod A.; Kramer, Melissa; Spiegel, Lori; Nascimento, Lidia; Preston, Raymond; Zutavern, Theresa; Messing, Joachim.

In: BMC biology, Vol. 3, 20, 27.09.2005.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Choisne, N, Demange, N, Orjeda, G, Samain, S, D'Hont, A, Cattolico, L, Pelletier, E, Couloux, A, Segurens, B, Wincker, P, Scarpelli, C, Weissenbach, J, Salanoubat, M, Singh, NK, Mohapatra, T, Sharma, TR, Gaikwad, K, Singh, A, Dalal, V, Srivastava, SK, Dixit, A, Pal, AK, Ghazi, IA, Yadav, M, Pandit, A, Bhargava, A, Sureshbabu, K, Dixit, R, Singh, H, Swain, SC, Pal, S, Ragiba, M, Singh, PK, Singhal, V, Mendiratta, SD, Batra, K, Raghuvanshi, S, Mohanty, A, Bharti, AK, Gaur, A, Gupta, V, Kumar, D, Vydianathan, R, Vij, S, Kapur, A, Khurana, P, Sharma, S, Khurana, P, Khurana, JP, Tyagi, AK, Yuan, Q, Ouyang, S, Liu, J, Zhu, W, Wang, A, Lin, H, Hamilton, J, Haas, B, Wortman, J, Jones, KM, Kim, M, Overton, L, Tsitrin, T, Fadrosh, D, Bera, J, Weaver, B, Jin, S, Johri, S, Reardon, M, Vuong, H, Tallon, L, Van Aken, S, Lewis, M, Utterback, T, Feldblyum, T, Zismann, V, Iobst, S, Hsiao, J, de Vazeille, AR, Salzberg, SL, White, O, Fraser, C, Buell, CR, Yu, Y, Rambo, T, Currie, J, Collura, K, Kim, HR, Stum, D, Wang, W, Kudrna, D, Mueller, C, Wing, RA, Kramer, M, Spiegel, L, Nascimento, L, Preston, R, Zutavern, T & Messing, J 2005, 'The sequence of rice chromosomes 11 and 12, rich in disease resistance genes and recent gene duplications', BMC biology, vol. 3, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-3-20

Choisne, Nathalie ; Demange, Nadia ; Orjeda, Gisela ; Samain, Sylvie ; D'Hont, Angélique ; Cattolico, Laurence ; Pelletier, Eric ; Couloux, Arnaud ; Segurens, Béatrice ; Wincker, Patrick ; Scarpelli, Claude ; Weissenbach, Jean ; Salanoubat, Marcel ; Singh, Nagendra K. ; Mohapatra, Trilochan ; Sharma, Tilak R. ; Gaikwad, Kishor ; Singh, Archana ; Dalal, Vivek ; Srivastava, Subodh K. ; Dixit, Anupam ; Pal, Ajit K. ; Ghazi, Irfan A. ; Yadav, Mahavir ; Pandit, Awadhesh ; Bhargava, Ashutosh ; Sureshbabu, K. ; Dixit, Rekha ; Singh, Harvinder ; Swain, Suresh C. ; Pal, Sumita ; Ragiba, M. ; Singh, Pradeep K. ; Singhal, Vibha ; Mendiratta, Sangeeta D. ; Batra, Kamlesh ; Raghuvanshi, Saurabh ; Mohanty, Amitabh ; Bharti, Arvind K. ; Gaur, Anupama ; Gupta, Vikrant ; Kumar, Dibyendu ; Vydianathan, Ravi ; Vij, Shuba ; Kapur, Anita ; Khurana, Parul ; Sharma, Sulabha ; Khurana, Paramjit ; Khurana, Jitendra P. ; Tyagi, Akhilesh K. ; Yuan, Qiaoping ; Ouyang, Shu ; Liu, Jia ; Zhu, Wei ; Wang, Aihui ; Lin, Haining ; Hamilton, John ; Haas, Brian ; Wortman, Jennifer ; Jones, Kristine M. ; Kim, Mary ; Overton, Larry ; Tsitrin, Tamara ; Fadrosh, Douglas ; Bera, Jayati ; Weaver, Bruce ; Jin, Shaohua ; Johri, Shivani ; Reardon, Matt ; Vuong, Hue ; Tallon, Luke ; Van Aken, Susan ; Lewis, Matthew ; Utterback, Teresa ; Feldblyum, Tamara ; Zismann, Victoria ; Iobst, Stacey ; Hsiao, Joseph ; de Vazeille, Aymeric R. ; Salzberg, Steven L. ; White, Owen ; Fraser, Claire ; Buell, C. Robin ; Yu, Yeisoo ; Rambo, Teri ; Currie, Jennifer ; Collura, Kristi ; Kim, Hye Ran ; Stum, Diana ; Wang, Wenming ; Kudrna, Dave ; Mueller, Christopher ; Wing, Rod A. ; Kramer, Melissa ; Spiegel, Lori ; Nascimento, Lidia ; Preston, Raymond ; Zutavern, Theresa ; Messing, Joachim. / The sequence of rice chromosomes 11 and 12, rich in disease resistance genes and recent gene duplications. In: BMC biology. 2005 ; Vol. 3.

@article{055568d3ac234710bf2e6204ce5dbe06,

title = "The sequence of rice chromosomes 11 and 12, rich in disease resistance genes and recent gene duplications",

abstract = "Background: Rice is an important staple food and, with the smallest cereal genome, serves as a reference species for studies on the evolution of cereals and other grasses. Therefore, decoding its entire genome will be a prerequisite for applied and basic research on this species and all other cereals. Results: We have determined and analyzed the complete sequences of two of its chromosomes, 11 and 12, which total 55.9 Mb (14.3% of the entire genome length), based on a set of overlapping clones. A total of 5,993 non-transposable element related genes are present on these chromosomes. Among them are 289 disease resistance-like and 28 defense-response genes, a higher proportion of these categories than on any other rice chromosome. A three-Mb segment on both chromosomes resulted from a duplication 7.7 million years ago (mya), the most recent large-scale duplication in the rice genome. Paralogous gene copies within this segmental duplication can be aligned with genomic assemblies from sorghum and maize. Although these gene copies are preserved on both chromosomes, their expression patterns have diverged. When the gene order of rice chromosomes 11 and 12 was compared to wheat gene loci, significant synteny between these orthologous regions was detected, illustrating the presence of conserved genes alternating with recently evolved genes. Conclusion: Because the resistance and defense response genes, enriched on these chromosomes relative to the whole genome, also occur in clusters, they provide a preferred target for breeding durable disease resistance in rice and the isolation of their allelic variants. The recent duplication of a large chromosomal segment coupled with the high density of disease resistance gene clusters makes this the most recently envolved part of the rice genome. Based on syntenic alignments of these chromosomes, rice chromosome 11 and 12 do not appear to have resulted from a single whole-genome duplication event as peviously suggested.",

author = "Nathalie Choisne and Nadia Demange and Gisela Orjeda and Sylvie Samain and Ang{\'e}lique D'Hont and Laurence Cattolico and Eric Pelletier and Arnaud Couloux and B{\'e}atrice Segurens and Patrick Wincker and Claude Scarpelli and Jean Weissenbach and Marcel Salanoubat and Singh, {Nagendra K.} and Trilochan Mohapatra and Sharma, {Tilak R.} and Kishor Gaikwad and Archana Singh and Vivek Dalal and Srivastava, {Subodh K.} and Anupam Dixit and Pal, {Ajit K.} and Ghazi, {Irfan A.} and Mahavir Yadav and Awadhesh Pandit and Ashutosh Bhargava and K. Sureshbabu and Rekha Dixit and Harvinder Singh and Swain, {Suresh C.} and Sumita Pal and M. Ragiba and Singh, {Pradeep K.} and Vibha Singhal and Mendiratta, {Sangeeta D.} and Kamlesh Batra and Saurabh Raghuvanshi and Amitabh Mohanty and Bharti, {Arvind K.} and Anupama Gaur and Vikrant Gupta and Dibyendu Kumar and Ravi Vydianathan and Shuba Vij and Anita Kapur and Parul Khurana and Sulabha Sharma and Paramjit Khurana and Khurana, {Jitendra P.} and Tyagi, {Akhilesh K.} and Qiaoping Yuan and Shu Ouyang and Jia Liu and Wei Zhu and Aihui Wang and Haining Lin and John Hamilton and Brian Haas and Jennifer Wortman and Jones, {Kristine M.} and Mary Kim and Larry Overton and Tamara Tsitrin and Douglas Fadrosh and Jayati Bera and Bruce Weaver and Shaohua Jin and Shivani Johri and Matt Reardon and Hue Vuong and Luke Tallon and {Van Aken}, Susan and Matthew Lewis and Teresa Utterback and Tamara Feldblyum and Victoria Zismann and Stacey Iobst and Joseph Hsiao and {de Vazeille}, {Aymeric R.} and Salzberg, {Steven L.} and Owen White and Claire Fraser and Buell, {C. Robin} and Yeisoo Yu and Teri Rambo and Jennifer Currie and Kristi Collura and Kim, {Hye Ran} and Diana Stum and Wenming Wang and Dave Kudrna and Christopher Mueller and Wing, {Rod A.} and Melissa Kramer and Lori Spiegel and Lidia Nascimento and Raymond Preston and Theresa Zutavern and Joachim Messing",

year = "2005",

month = sep,

day = "27",

doi = "10.1186/1741-7007-3-20",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "3",

journal = "BMC Biology",

issn = "1741-7007",

publisher = "BioMed Central",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - The sequence of rice chromosomes 11 and 12, rich in disease resistance genes and recent gene duplications

AU - Choisne, Nathalie

AU - Demange, Nadia

AU - Orjeda, Gisela

AU - Samain, Sylvie

AU - D'Hont, Angélique

AU - Cattolico, Laurence

AU - Pelletier, Eric

AU - Couloux, Arnaud

AU - Segurens, Béatrice

AU - Wincker, Patrick

AU - Scarpelli, Claude

AU - Weissenbach, Jean

AU - Salanoubat, Marcel

AU - Singh, Nagendra K.

AU - Mohapatra, Trilochan

AU - Sharma, Tilak R.

AU - Gaikwad, Kishor

AU - Singh, Archana

AU - Dalal, Vivek

AU - Srivastava, Subodh K.

AU - Dixit, Anupam

AU - Pal, Ajit K.

AU - Ghazi, Irfan A.

AU - Yadav, Mahavir

AU - Pandit, Awadhesh

AU - Bhargava, Ashutosh

AU - Sureshbabu, K.

AU - Dixit, Rekha

AU - Singh, Harvinder

AU - Swain, Suresh C.

AU - Pal, Sumita

AU - Ragiba, M.

AU - Singh, Pradeep K.

AU - Singhal, Vibha

AU - Mendiratta, Sangeeta D.

AU - Batra, Kamlesh

AU - Raghuvanshi, Saurabh

AU - Mohanty, Amitabh

AU - Bharti, Arvind K.

AU - Gaur, Anupama

AU - Gupta, Vikrant

AU - Kumar, Dibyendu

AU - Vydianathan, Ravi

AU - Vij, Shuba

AU - Kapur, Anita

AU - Khurana, Parul

AU - Sharma, Sulabha

AU - Khurana, Paramjit

AU - Khurana, Jitendra P.

AU - Tyagi, Akhilesh K.

AU - Yuan, Qiaoping

AU - Ouyang, Shu

AU - Liu, Jia

AU - Zhu, Wei

AU - Wang, Aihui

AU - Lin, Haining

AU - Hamilton, John

AU - Haas, Brian

AU - Wortman, Jennifer

AU - Jones, Kristine M.

AU - Kim, Mary

AU - Overton, Larry

AU - Tsitrin, Tamara

AU - Fadrosh, Douglas

AU - Bera, Jayati

AU - Weaver, Bruce

AU - Jin, Shaohua

AU - Johri, Shivani

AU - Reardon, Matt

AU - Vuong, Hue

AU - Tallon, Luke

AU - Van Aken, Susan

AU - Lewis, Matthew

AU - Utterback, Teresa

AU - Feldblyum, Tamara

AU - Zismann, Victoria

AU - Iobst, Stacey

AU - Hsiao, Joseph

AU - de Vazeille, Aymeric R.

AU - Salzberg, Steven L.

AU - White, Owen

AU - Fraser, Claire

AU - Buell, C. Robin

AU - Yu, Yeisoo

AU - Rambo, Teri

AU - Currie, Jennifer

AU - Collura, Kristi

AU - Kim, Hye Ran

AU - Stum, Diana

AU - Wang, Wenming

AU - Kudrna, Dave

AU - Mueller, Christopher

AU - Wing, Rod A.

AU - Kramer, Melissa

AU - Spiegel, Lori

AU - Nascimento, Lidia

AU - Preston, Raymond

AU - Zutavern, Theresa

AU - Messing, Joachim

PY - 2005/9/27

Y1 - 2005/9/27

N2 - Background: Rice is an important staple food and, with the smallest cereal genome, serves as a reference species for studies on the evolution of cereals and other grasses. Therefore, decoding its entire genome will be a prerequisite for applied and basic research on this species and all other cereals. Results: We have determined and analyzed the complete sequences of two of its chromosomes, 11 and 12, which total 55.9 Mb (14.3% of the entire genome length), based on a set of overlapping clones. A total of 5,993 non-transposable element related genes are present on these chromosomes. Among them are 289 disease resistance-like and 28 defense-response genes, a higher proportion of these categories than on any other rice chromosome. A three-Mb segment on both chromosomes resulted from a duplication 7.7 million years ago (mya), the most recent large-scale duplication in the rice genome. Paralogous gene copies within this segmental duplication can be aligned with genomic assemblies from sorghum and maize. Although these gene copies are preserved on both chromosomes, their expression patterns have diverged. When the gene order of rice chromosomes 11 and 12 was compared to wheat gene loci, significant synteny between these orthologous regions was detected, illustrating the presence of conserved genes alternating with recently evolved genes. Conclusion: Because the resistance and defense response genes, enriched on these chromosomes relative to the whole genome, also occur in clusters, they provide a preferred target for breeding durable disease resistance in rice and the isolation of their allelic variants. The recent duplication of a large chromosomal segment coupled with the high density of disease resistance gene clusters makes this the most recently envolved part of the rice genome. Based on syntenic alignments of these chromosomes, rice chromosome 11 and 12 do not appear to have resulted from a single whole-genome duplication event as peviously suggested.

AB - Background: Rice is an important staple food and, with the smallest cereal genome, serves as a reference species for studies on the evolution of cereals and other grasses. Therefore, decoding its entire genome will be a prerequisite for applied and basic research on this species and all other cereals. Results: We have determined and analyzed the complete sequences of two of its chromosomes, 11 and 12, which total 55.9 Mb (14.3% of the entire genome length), based on a set of overlapping clones. A total of 5,993 non-transposable element related genes are present on these chromosomes. Among them are 289 disease resistance-like and 28 defense-response genes, a higher proportion of these categories than on any other rice chromosome. A three-Mb segment on both chromosomes resulted from a duplication 7.7 million years ago (mya), the most recent large-scale duplication in the rice genome. Paralogous gene copies within this segmental duplication can be aligned with genomic assemblies from sorghum and maize. Although these gene copies are preserved on both chromosomes, their expression patterns have diverged. When the gene order of rice chromosomes 11 and 12 was compared to wheat gene loci, significant synteny between these orthologous regions was detected, illustrating the presence of conserved genes alternating with recently evolved genes. Conclusion: Because the resistance and defense response genes, enriched on these chromosomes relative to the whole genome, also occur in clusters, they provide a preferred target for breeding durable disease resistance in rice and the isolation of their allelic variants. The recent duplication of a large chromosomal segment coupled with the high density of disease resistance gene clusters makes this the most recently envolved part of the rice genome. Based on syntenic alignments of these chromosomes, rice chromosome 11 and 12 do not appear to have resulted from a single whole-genome duplication event as peviously suggested.

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DO - 10.1186/1741-7007-3-20

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